1. Introduction The sub-entry shroud (SES) is a critical refractory component in the continuous casting process, positioned between the ladle nozzle and the tundish or directly above the mold entry, depending on caster design. Its primary function is to protect molten steel from atmospheric re-oxidation, stabilize steel flow, and prevent slag entrainment during...

Operators often see cracks and damage in ladle shrouds, long nozzles, and refractory parts. This happens because of a few main reasons: ·        Fast temperature changes can cause thermal shock and peeling. ·        Mechanical stress comes from handling, hitting, or working forces....