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We’ve all been there: sitting in a cramped airport terminal, watching the clock tick during a long layover. But what if those hours weren't wasted? What if your layover became the highlight of your trip?

The modern traveler knows that "travel" isn't just about the final destination—it’s about the value of every hour. Whether you have a morning to kill before a business meeting or a afternoon stopover in a new city, here is how you can master the art of "per-hour" travel.

1. The 1-Hour Rule: Research in Advance
To make a short trip work, you cannot wing it. Before you land, identify one "must-see" landmark and one local eatery. Use resources like Travelperhour to find flexible flight options and destination guides that fit your specific timeframe. Knowing exactly where the train or taxi stand is located can save you 20 precious minutes.

2. Ditch the Luggage
Nothing slows down an hourly adventure like dragging a suitcase. Almost every major international airport or central train station offers "Left Luggage" services or lockers. Dropping your bags allows you to move through crowds and public transit with ease.

3. Choose "Micro-Experiences" Over Sightseeing
Instead of trying to see the entire Louvre in two hours, choose a micro-experience. Visit one specific gallery, walk through a historic neighborhood, or find a rooftop bar with a panoramic view. It’s better to have one deep, memorable experience than five rushed ones.

4. Prioritize Efficient Transport
When every hour counts, the method of transport is key. In cities like London or Tokyo, the express trains are your best friend. In smaller European cities, renting a bike or an e-scooter for 60 minutes can cover more ground than walking, giving you a "speed-run" tour of the local architecture.

5. Keep an Eye on the Clock
The golden rule of hourly travel? Always head back to the airport or station at least 90 minutes before your departure.

The Bottom Line Travel is no longer about how many days you spend in a place, but how much life you pack into the hours you have. By planning efficiently and using tools designed for the modern, fast-paced explorer, you can turn a boring wait into a mini-vacation.

Ready to plan your next quick getaway? Check out Travelperhour for the best deals on flights and tours that help you travel farther, one hour at a time.

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BST Competitive Classes provides expert-led classes for SSC CGL, CHSL, and other government exams in East Delhi. We guarantee idea clarity, correctness, and confidence with our knowledgeable instructors, current study materials, and frequent practice exams. To succeed in the SSC with tried-and-true tactics and direction, enroll in BST Competitive Classes. For more visit us!

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Prestige Oakville Apartments are the newest and most beautiful high-end homes that Prestige Estates has built. The building is perfectly placed in Whitefield, East Bangalore, which is a green neighborhood. Apartments in the project come in 1, 2, 3, and 4 BHK sizes. The launch flats range in size from 620 to 2200 square feet. The Prestige Oakville Bangalore project is almost ready to go live. Soon, the master plan, floor plans, and prices will be made public. The Prestige Group is launching these high-end flats in Whitefield. They are carefully made and offer large homes that are worth the money.
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Best Time To Visit Sharjah

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Why Is March the Best Time for a Motorcycle Tour?


Adventure season begins early with the month March, a time when spring breathes new life into India’s best biking destinations. It is the perfect time to join an expedition before the summer rush and enjoy cooler weather, clear skies and scenic routes that stretch for miles.

Top Expeditions to Join in March 2026:

Heritage Rajasthan Motorcycle Tours: Explore royal cities and desert trails in ideal riding weather.

South India Spice Trail Motorcycle Tour: Cruise along the Konkan coastline with fresh sea breezes.

Eastern Arch Motorcycle Tours: Motorcycle tours in India’s easternmost states take you across Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Meghalaya - the beauty of the Eastern Himalayas.

Tibet Motorcycle Tour: Tibet Motorcycle Trip from Nepal will bring you the fun of riding in the Himalayas, off-road trails and Everest Base Camp.

The month of March is a favourite among passionate riders who crave both challenge and beauty. It is a time when the weather is not too cold or hot- a time perfect for bike tours. Kickstart your new year by joining an amazing motorcycle tour in India in 2026 and experience an unforgettable journey on two wheels that combines both the thrill and beauty of India.

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Ssc Coaching in East Delhi - BST Competitive Classes

BST Competitive Classes provides expert-led classes for SSC CGL, CHSL, and other government exams in East Delhi. We guarantee idea clarity, correctness, and confidence with our knowledgeable instructors, current study materials, and frequent practice exams. To succeed in the SSC with tried-and-true tactics and direction, enroll in BST Competitive Classes. For more visit us!

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Where is the highest drivable road in the world?

The highest drivable road in the world is the Umling La Pass in Ladakh, India. Located in the eastern Ladakh region near the Indo-China border, Umling La sits at an astounding altitude of 19,024 feet (5,882 meters) above sea level. That’s higher than Mount Everest Base Camp, Higher than Mount Elbrus in Russia and Higher than any civilian airstrip on Earth. The oxygen level drops to nearly 50 percent. So even walking for a few minutes at the pass feels like sprinting up ten floors without a break.

In 2017, the Border Roads Organisation started building this road under Project Himank. It was built for strategic reasons, not for tourism. The purpose was to connect remote villages like Demchok and Chisumle to mainland India. But what was built as a military grade access road is now a playground for hardcore travellers who want to test their limits.

Driving here is a true test of endurance, skill, and vehicle performance. Umling La not only symbolizes India’s engineering prowess but also serves as a vital lifeline for border communities in this extreme environment.

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Where Will the Most Exciting Motorcycle Tours in India take Place in 2026?

From the mountains of the north to the coasts of the south, motorcycle tours in India are set to redefine the adventure travelling experience. You can plan with a mix of new destinations with amazing routes and immersive cultural experiences that go beyond the ride itself. Wondering where to visit? Here is where you can go

Exciting Motorcycle Tour Destinations in 2026:

The Great Indian Himalayas: Ride through Manali, Spiti, and Ladakh for ultimate altitude thrills.

North East India Motorbike Trip: Discover hidden gems across Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh.

South India Spice Trail Motorcycle Tour: Cruise along Kerala’s backwaters and Tamil Nadu’s temple towns.

Rajasthan Motorbike Tour: A bike trip in Rajasthan is not just about the ride; it’s about getting up close and personal with the landscapes and stories

Each Indian motorcycle tour in 2026 blends adventure, nature, and culture for a truly unforgettable experience. Whether you’re an experienced rider or a first-timer, 2026 offers the perfect opportunity to chase horizons and feel the freedom of the open road.

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Why is Rajasthan in India Famous?

Rajasthan, the Land of Kings is a top state in India because of its beauty. It's known for its royal history, bright culture, and awesome desert views. Big forts like Amer and Mehrangarh, and Udaipur’s pretty palaces, all tell tales of brave leaders and a rich past. For romantic tour in Rajasthan, the Jaipur Jodhpur Udaipur tour circuit is considered best. Last but not least, Ranthambore and Sariska are the most famous wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan to plan a Jungle Safari and witness rare species of flora and fauna. Here’s what makes Rajasthan so well-known:

A motorcycle tour in Rajasthan is a super way to see its long desert roads, old cities, and small villages with real local life.
The Thar Desert has golden dunes, camel rides, and sunsets that make each visit amazing.
The local culture bursts with folk music, dance, and colorful clothes that show Rajasthan's real spirit.
Cities like Jaipur, Jaisalmer, and Pushkar mix royal buildings, bright markets, and fun festivals. Not only this, but these are also famous for romantic tours.
Last but not least, Ranthambore and Sariska are the most famous wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan to plan a Jungle Safari and witness rare species of flora and fauna.

Rajasthan is full of beauty and charm. Whether you're into history, culture, or road trips, it's a trip you won’t forget.

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What are the top festivals to experience on a South India bike trip?

When you take a South India Motorcycle Tour on Royal Enfield, you are given a front-row seat to the festivals that honour India’s heart and heritage. From temple processions to large cultural fairs each stop brings a new ambience into your itinerary. Here are some of the most famous celebrations to experience on your ride through Famous South India Travel Destinations

Pongal (Tamil Nadu) - Held in January it is a four day harvest festival fills villages with color, bull races and traditional feasts. The countryside becomes a lively picture of Tamil culture.

Onam (Kerala): Around August–September, Kerala comes alive with decorated boats, floral carpets, and grand feasts called Onasadya. A great time to visit South India.

Mysuru Dasara (Karnataka) : here you can witness royal processions, music and beautiful palaces during this ten day festival celebrating victory and valor.

Thrissur Pooram (Kerala) - Famously known for its majestic elephant parades as well as fireworks, it is a spectacle that defines South India's festive spirit.

A South India Bike Trip during these festivals transforms a scenic ride into a cultural adventure where every mile reveals the soulful charm and celebration of India’s southern heartland.

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Top Financial Roles in 2025: What's Hot in the Finance Job Market?

Look, the finance world I started in is basically ancient history. It's not this slow-moving beast anymore. It's weird, it's fast, and honestly, it's way more interesting.

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Best Motorcycle Tours in India for Adventure Lovers
Motorbike tours in India are full of adventure, scenic beauty, and cultural experiences. Here are some of the best routes every rider should explore:
Ladakh Loop Travel along high altitude crossings such as the Khardung La Pass, which will take you through Nubra Valley and Pangong Lake, through beautiful scenery through the Himalayas.

Spiti Valley Circuit Regarded as Little Tibet, this trip leads you through rugged lands, with ancient monasteries and villages.

Manali Leh Highway A dream ride for bikers with the world’s highest motorable passes and stunning Himalayan views.

Royal Rajasthan Ride Explore majestic palaces, golden desert dunes, and colorful cities such as Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Udaipur.

Kerala Backwaters & Tea Plantations A peaceful ride through Kochi, Munnar, Thekkady, and Alleppey with lush greenery and coastal charm.

Great Rann of Kutch Experience the vast white desert and endless horizons where the sky meets the earth.

Guwahati to Tawang A scenic North East ride with winding roads, pristine forests, and unique tribal cultures..


Whether you choose a guided or self-planned trip, these India motorbike tours guarantee unforgettable memories and thrilling adventures.
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Are you ready to unleash your inner beast and conquer your fitness goals? Look no further than Singapore’s extreme 24 hour gym. With its fully equipmed facilities and round-the-clock access, you can push your limits and transform your physique at any time of the day or night. Whether you’re a seasoned athlete or just starting your fitness journey, this gym is designed to challenge and inspire you.

Equipped with leading-edge workout equipment and revolutionary training programs, this gym caters to all fitness levels. Get your heart racing with high-intensity interval training, weight loss programmes or build strength with powerlifting sessions. Dedicated trainers are always on hand to guide and motivate you, ensuring that you reach your full potential.

But it’s not just about the workouts – this gym embraces a community spirit and provides a supportive environment for all members. Forge new friendships and find workout buddies who will push you to new heights.

Don’t settle for mediocrity. Take your fitness to the extreme at Singapore’s 24-hour gym and unlock your true potential. It’s time to unleash your inner beast and conquer your fitness goals.

Extreme Fitness 24 Hour Gym Locations
When it comes to accessibility, Singapore’s extreme 24-hour gyms are strategically located throughout the city, making it convenient for fitness enthusiasts to train whenever they desire. Our branches can be found islandwide in Jurong East, West Coast, Yishun, Bukit Merah & Macpherson, ensuring that whether you’re at work or home, a top-tier fitness facility is always within reach. Each location is equipped with cutting-edge equipment and designed to foster an environment conducive to intense workouts, no matter the hour. With 24-hour access, members can work out around their schedules, whether that means early morning sessions before work or late-night workouts to unwind after a long day.

Moreover, the gyms often feature unique architectural designs, enhancing the workout atmosphere with open spaces and vibrant interiors. This meticulous attention to detail not only improves functionality but also motivates members to push their limits. By choosing a gym that values accessibility and aesthetics, you set yourself up for success in achieving your fitness goals, all while enjoying the best that Singapore has to offer in terms of fitness facilities.

Benefits of Working Out at a 24-Hour Gym
One of the standout advantages of a 24-hour gym is the flexibility it offers members. Traditional gyms often have set hours that can limit when you can hit the weights or join a class. In contrast, with round-the-clock access, you can tailor your workout schedule to fit your lifestyle, whether that means hitting the gym during off-peak hours or squeezing in a session whenever you find a moment. This flexibility can be particularly beneficial for those with demanding jobs or family commitments, as it allows you to prioritize your health without sacrificing other responsibilities.
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HIV TESTING
At Hisential, we offer fast, confidential & anonymous HIV Testing at our sexual health clinics in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Our team of experienced healthcare professionals is committed to providing you with high-quality care in a safe, discreet and comfortable environment. Drop by our HIV Testing Clinic today.


Who Should Get Tested for HIV?


The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that everyone between the ages of 13 and 64 get tested for HIV at least once as part of their routine healthcare.
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Gynecologists in Singapore: A Guide to Women’s Health
Introduction:
Women’s health is a crucial aspect of overall wellness, and one of the key healthcare professionals that women should have in their corner is a gynecologist. In Singapore, there are many highly qualified gynecologists who are dedicated to providing comprehensive care to women of all ages. In this article, we will take a closer look at gynecologists in Singapore, their roles, and the services they provide.

What is a Gynecologist?
A gynecologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the female reproductive system. They are responsible for diagnosing and treating conditions related to the uterus, ovaries, cervix, and vagina. Gynecologists also provide routine gynecological care, such as Pap smears, breast exams, and contraception advice.


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By virtue of charter granted, this Post shall be known as Owens Crossroads Post 12242, Veterans of
Foreign Wars of the United States.
Sec. 2. The location of this Post shall be in the City of Owens Crossroads, County of Madison, State of Alabama.

ARTICLE II
SUBORDINATION

Sec. 1. The supreme power of this association is vested in the National Convention and this Post shall be at all
times governed by the Congressional Charter and Bylaws of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United
States, the Bylaws of the Department, orders issued by authority of the National Convention, National
Council of Administration, the Commander-in-Chief, the Department Convention, Department Council of
Administration and the Department Commander. Resolutions adopted by the National Convention are
held to be lawful orders.

ARTICLE III
MEETINGS

Sec. 1. Place: The regular meeting place of this Post shall be at the Meadows of Hampton Cove Clubhouse,
6099 Goose Ridge Drive, Owens Crossroads, Alabama, 35763.
Sec. 2. Time: The regular meetings of the Post shall be held on the 3 rd Wednesday of each month, to be called to
order at 6p.m.
Sec. 3. The Post may, after at least fourteen (14) days written notice to the Department Commander and the
members of the Post, change its meeting place, appointed day or time upon a majority vote of the
members present and voting at a regular or special meeting called for such purpose.
Sec. 4. Special meetings may be called in accordance with the provisions of the National Bylaws.
Sec. 5. Quorum: Six (6) members in good standing shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.
Sec 6. Post may adopt procedures, in compliance to National Bylaws allowing members to participate in
meetings using technology that allows all participating members to communicate with each other
simultaneously.

ARTICLE IV
MEMBERSHIP

Sec. 1. Membership in this Post, eligibility to, application for, acquiring and maintenance of, loss of and discipline
shall be in accordance with the provisions of the National Bylaws.
Sec. 2. The admission fee of this Post shall be payable in accordance with the National Bylaws.
Sec. 3. The dues of this Post shall never be less than the amount required to cover Department and National
dues.

2

Sec. 4. Annual Post membership dues shall be $15 plus Department and National Dues.

ARTICLE V
OFFICERS

Sec. 1. Eligibility to, nomination, election or appointment, installation and term of office shall be in accordance
with the provisions of the National Bylaws.
Sec. 2. The Post shall elect the Commander, Senior Vice Commander, Junior Vice Commander, Quartermaster,
and three Trustees. The Commander shall appoint an Adjutant, Chaplain, and may appoint a Service
Officer.
Sec. 3. The duties of all officers shall be those prescribed by Department and National Bylaws, lawful orders as
the Post may direct and as these Bylaws may provide.
ARTICLE VI
COMMITTEES AND DUTIES

Sec. 1. All Committees and their chairmen, unless otherwise provided shall be appointed by the Commander as
promptly as possible after election to office, and as such shall serve at his/her will and pleasure. The
Post Quartermaster, by virtue of office shall be treasurer of all committees handling funds.
Sec. 2. The Standing Committees of the Post shall be as follows:

(a) Membership (e) Youth Activities (i) Community Activities
(b) Relief (f) House (j) Safety
(c) Poppy (g) Americanism (k) Bingo
(d) Publicity (h) Ways and Means
Sec. 3. House Committee/Board of Management (BoM):
(a) The House Committee/BoM shall be elected by the Post members to manage certain matters
related to the Post property including the operation of Post Club Rooms and/or Canteen. It shall
consist of not less than three members, one each of whom shall be elected annually for a three-
year term. Trustees shall not serve on the House Committee/BoM. In addition, the Post
Commander and Post Quartermaster by virtue of their offices shall be members of the House
Committee.
(b) The Committee shall be responsible for the cleanliness and upkeep of the quarters and the
equipment therein.
(c) The Committee shall be in charge of the sub-rental of the Post’s quarters and shall exercise such
supervision over sub-renters as will ensure the protection of the Post’s name and property.
(d) The Committee may authorize such expenditures for minor emergency repairs and janitor supplies
as may be necessary for the preservation and protection of the Post’s quarters and its equipment,
provided that the total amount so expended between any two regular meetings shall not exceed an
amount previously established by the Post.
(e) All monies received by the Committee through the sub-rental of the Post's quarters or other
sources shall be deposited with the Post Quartermaster.
(f) All expenditures of the Committee shall be made only by regular voucher and drawn by the
Quartermaster in accordance to these Bylaws.
(g) The House Committee/BoM shall keep a record of all its receipts and expenditures and shall, at
every meeting of the Post, report all monies received and all expenditures made since the last
meeting.

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(h) The Post may adopt such further rules and regulations governing the conduct of club or canteen
as, do not conflict with the provisions of this Article. Such rules and regulations shall only become
effective upon their approval by a majority vote of members present and voting at a regular or
special meeting called for that purpose; at least thirty (30) days’ notice in writing having first been
given to all members.

ARTICLE VII
CONTROL OF SUBSIDIARY UNITS

Sec. 1. Any activity, unit or clubrooms sponsored, conducted or operated by the Post, incorporated separately
from the Post or unincorporated, shall be at all times under the direct control of the Post.
Sec. 2. All funds derived from any of the above shall be in the custody of the Post Quartermaster.
Sec. 3. All money, property and assets of every kind as well as all records in connection therewith used, held
and owned by any of the above activities is the property of the Post and must be placed in the care and
custody of the Post Quartermaster.
Sec. 4. The Veterans of Foreign Wars Auxiliary and Military Order of the Cootie are governed by Articles XI and
XII respectively of the National Bylaws and Manual of Procedure of the Veterans of Foreign Wars and
their respective Bylaws, rules and regulations.
ARTICLE VIII
EXPENDITURE OF FUNDS

Sec. 1. Expenditure of funds shall be made only after prior authorization by the Post and on proper voucher
drawn by the Adjutant and approved by the Commander. All checks for the expenditure of Post funds
shall be numbered in sequence, the number of each check to correspond with the voucher authorizing
the same, other expenditures may be made using acceptable banking practices. All disbursements of
Post funds shall bear the signature of the Quartermaster or other person(s) authorized by the
Quartermaster. Such other authorized person(s) shall be bonded in accordance with Section 703 of the
National Bylaws.
Sec. 2. The adoption of this Article shall constitute authorization by the Post for the payment of bills, when and as
due, for monthly rental, public utility service, postage, janitor service and for janitor’s supplies and minor
emergency repairs authorized by the House Committee, provided that the amounts to be paid for monthly
rental and for janitor service shall have been previously established by the Post.
Sec. 3. No other payment or expenditure shall be made except on the specific authorization of the Post in each
and every case.
Sec. 4. The Post Quartermaster is authorized a debit card on the account of the Post General fund. Use is
restricted for expenses with VFW National, VFW Department of Alabama, Post purchases through VFW
Store and charges specifically approved by Post Membership vote. The debt card shall not be used for
cash withdrawal at any time.
Sec. 5. A travel expense report will be submitted to the Post for all approved travel expenses prior to
reimbursement.
Sec.. 6. The Post Commander is authorized to disapprove any “proper Post authorization” of expenditures in the
following instances:
(a) Any expenditure in violation of the National Bylaws.
(b) Any expenditure that is unlawful.
(c) Any expenditure that would jeopardize the tax-exempt status of the Post.

ARTICLE IX

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COMPENSATION

Sec. 1. No compensation shall be paid to any officer of this Post for their services as such officer, except as
hereafter may be provided.
Sec. 2. For services rendered, the Post may, by majority vote, pay the annual dues of the Adjutant and
Quartermaster for the periods or parts of periods they serve as such, and such other compensation
commensurate with their duties as may be determined and specified by vote of the Post.

ARTICLE X

FUNDRAISING PROMOTIONS/SOLICITATIONS

Sec. 1. This Post shall solicit funds or donations only by prior vote of the members agreeing to the proposition. It
shall not solicit funds or donations or otherwise engage in fundraising activities or projects outside the
immediate geographical area or community of the Post.
Sec. 2. This Post shall not enter into any agreement with a promoter for the purpose of raising funds unless the
said promoter shall have first furnished a good and sufficient surety bond in a principal sum sufficient to
give the Post ample protection in the particular circumstances. The said bond shall be subject to the
approval of the Post Advocate, bear the endorsement of the Post Commander and be kept in the
possession of the Post Quartermaster. The bond will be conditioned on the payment to the Post
Quartermaster of all monies due the Post as a result of the solicitation within thirty (30) days of the close
of the campaign.
If the promoter has made satisfactory settlement within the thirty-day period, then surety will be
determined to be discharged, otherwise the bond will remain in full force and effect.
Sec. 3. If the bond cannot be furnished, then all collections shall be made by the members of the Post
sponsoring the campaign or entertainment and said funds shall be paid to a bonded officer of the Post
who shall hold the funds in their custody pending proper pro rata distribution.
Sec. 4. Fundraising organizations or individuals conducting solicitations, activities or projects for a profit shall not
be engaged or used by the Post for such purpose unless such engagement is made by written
agreement between the Post and the organization or individuals providing those services. The form of
any such written agreement must be submitted to the Department Commander for review at least thirty
(30) days prior to any Post entering into any such agreement.
Sec. 5. No solicitations or ticket sales shall be permitted in the Post quarters or at socials or meetings unless
such solicitations or ticket sales shall have been approved by the Post.

ARTICLE XI
MISCELLANEOUS

Sec. 1. Every member of this Post shall keep the Post Adjutant and Quartermaster advised of their current
address by promptly reporting any change of same.
Sec. 2. One copy of these Bylaws shall be issued to each elected and appointed officer of this Post.
Sec. 3. In all Post procedures not provided for by the Congressional Charter and Bylaws or these Bylaws,
Robert’s Rules of Order, Newly Revised shall be the authority, and it shall be the duty of the Judge
Advocate, in an advisory way, when called upon to do so by the Post Commander to advise the Post
Commander on the proper rule(s).

ARTICLE XII
SPEECHES

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Sec. 1. No member will be permitted to speak on any one subject (Pro or Con) more than twice; and the first time
no longer than five (5) minutes, and the second time no longer than three (3) minutes, with the exception
of a committee report and recommendations and visiting guests who have a message to impart.

ARTICLE XIII
AMENDMENTS

Sec. 1. These Bylaws shall become effective after adoption by this Post and after review by the Commander of
the Department and Commander-in-Chief of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States.
Sec. 2. These Bylaws may be amended by the Post by a two-thirds vote of the members present and voting at a
meeting, provided each member had been notified at least twenty (20) days in advance and upon request
provided a copy of the proposed amendments.
Sec. 3. Wherever these Bylaws or subsequent amendments may be found to be in conflict with the present or
any future Department or National Bylaws, the latter shall prevail and be binding upon this Post as though
written herein.

These Bylaws were adopted, subject to the review of the Department Commander and the Commander-in-Chief of
the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States on this _________________ day of
___________________________, 20______, at a regular meeting of this Post.

Owens Crossroads Post 12242
Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States

ATTEST: OFFICIAL:

Brett Beatty, Adjutant Alfonso, Nixon,

Tajik
Though their exact numbers are uncertain and as with other communities are contested, previous estimates have suggested that Tajiks make up around 27 per cent of the population, making them the second largest ethnic group in Afghanistan after the Pashtuns. They make up the bulk of Afghanistan’s elite, with considerable accumulated wealth within the community. As a result of this wealth and levels of education, they wield a significant political influence within Afghanistan. Being of Central Asian origin they maintain a kinship with the 7 million ethnic Tajiks who live in the neighbouring Central Asian state of Tajikistan.

While mainly urban in the pre-Soviet era, living in and around Kabul and the mountainous Badashkshan region in the northeast, they now live in different areas throughout the state though mainly concentrated in northern, northeastern and western Afghanistan. The population of Tajiks in the northeast fluctuated considerably during the Taliban era as the Taliban and opposition forces fought over the control of the territory.

Historical context

Most Tajiks are Sunni Muslims, with a minority of Twelver Imami Shi’a in the west around the city of Herat, and speak a form of Dari (Farsi dialect) close to the national language of Iran. They belong to an ethnic group that appears not to have retained memories of their tribal past, which as a result seems lost in ancient times. Instead, unlike the Pashtuns they have no specific social structure, and Afghan Tajik loyalty patterns evolve around the village and family. Interestingly, they appear to have adopted the social and cultural patterns of their neighbours in the regions where they live.

Pashtun

Pashtuns (also called Pushtan, Paktun or Pathan) are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan. Though their exact numbers are uncertain and as with other communities are contested, previous estimates have suggested that they make up around 42 per cent of the population. They live mainly in the south and the east of the country. They have a distinct language called Pashto (an official language since 1936) but also speak Pakhto, which are both Iranian dialects that fall within the Indo-European group of languages. They are generally able to speak Farsi when necessary, often relying on the language in the context of trade dealings in the region. It is speculated that Pashtuns are descendants of Eastern Iranians, who immigrated to the area from Persia. However, there is also an interesting legend, which claims that they actually originate from one of the ancient tribes of Israel. Pashtuns are Sunni Muslims and can also be found in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan (about 14 million). They are seen as the historic founders of the Afghan Kingdom, with an apparent predominance in administration power until recently.

The social structure of the Pashtuns is based on the Pashtunwali (or Pukhtunwali) code, which is a mixture of a tribal code of honour and local interpretations of Shari’a. This requires the speaking of Pashtu and the adherence to established customs. Hospitality, protection of their guests, defence of property, family honour and protection of the female relatives are some of the most important principles for Pashtuns. They rely on the tribal council jirga for the enforcement of disputes and local decision-making, as well as the seclusion of women from all affairs outside the home. A major aspect of the Pashtunwali code emphasizes personal authority and freedom. Women are required to wear full-face and full-length garments known as the burka. Pashtun culture is celebrated for its traditional music, dancing, poetry and storytelling.

A majority of Pashtuns rely upon agriculture (irrigated wheat) and animal husbandry for their source of income, with some involved in trading in these and other commodities. Population relocation and poverty caused by the chronic lack of stability in Afghanistan has led to a rise in drug trafficking, mainly opium via Pakistan to Europe and North America. The difficult living conditions together with the lack of clean water and health care contributes to a short life expectancy of only about 46 years. Those living in the Kabul area seem to enjoy slightly better living standards.

Tribal divisions

Despite their past political dominance, Pashtuns have never formed a homogeneous group, and many have fallen victim to oppression at the hands of the elites from their own community. The power and leadership of individuals are perhaps what divides Pashtuns, not only into different tribes but also into numerous sub-tribes, each isolated within their own borders. Interference in each other’s affairs has caused conflict among sub-tribes throughout their history. Yet despite their infighting, they have generally rallied to form a unified front when challenged by external threats or interference by a central non-Pashtun government.

Pakistan’s policy has been mainly supportive of the Pashtuns, especially in more recent times, but does not support the claim for self-determination of the 13 million Pashtuns living in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, out of fear of losing part of their territory.

Nuristanis
Nuristanis arrived in Afghanistan fleeing the eastward spread of Islam. They speak a unique Indo-European-language. Nuristanis were conquered by Amir Abdur Rahman Khan in 1895-96 and were obliged to abandon their ancient religious beliefs in favour of Islam. They reside mainly in the east of the country – between the Pashtun tribes of Kunar, Kalash in Pakistan’s Chitral, and Tajiks of Badakhshan in the north. Nuristan (‘land of light’) is located on the southern slopes of the Hindu Kush mountain range and is spread over four valleys, with each valley having its own distinct language/dialect: Kati, Waigali, Ashkun and Parsun.

Nuristan has very little arable land, the vast majority of the territory being covered by forest. The main base of the economy is animal husbandry – mostly goat-herding. While maize and barley are grown in small quantities, the Nuristani people survive mainly on subsistence agriculture, wheat, fruit and goats. Very few Nuristanis have had access to education. Yet, among those who have travelled to Kabul and been able to gain access to schools, some have gained prominence as well-known figures in the army and the government in Kabul.

Historical context

The Nuristanis’ scattered settlement is another result of Amir Abdul Rahman’s late-nineteenth-century expansionism. During his rule, what was then called Kafiristan (‘kafir’ meaning non-believer as Nuristanis did not convert to Islam until the twentieth century) was renamed as Nuristan (‘land of light’) after the forced Islamization of the community. Nuristanis are still sometimes referred to as ‘Kafir’. Some Nuristanis claim to be descendants of Alexander the Great and his forces.

Nuristani men and women follow a strict division of labour with the men working in livestock herding, while the women work on grain production or irrigated terraces.

The province was the scene of some of the heaviest guerrilla fighting during the 1979-89 Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan. Nuristan is still used as a route by Taliban into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan.

Nuristan’s distinctive cultural heritage was under considerable threat during the period when the Taliban controlled Kabul. A collection of life-size wooden sculptures dating back to the 18th and 19th centuries was smashed by the Taliban in 2001 in their effort to destroy artistic expressions of the human form, as well as evidence that parts of Afghanistan had in fact followed other faiths than Islam until relatively recently. The collection had been brought back by the forces of Amir Abdul Rahman and housed at the National Museum. The statues depict ancestors as well as animistic and polytheistic divinities. Although some remain lost, others were hidden away by museum staff. Fourteen sculptures could be carefully restored and incorporated in an inaugural display at the newly reopened museum in 2004.

Current issues

The Constitution recognizes Nuristanis as one of the national minorities entitled to Afghan citizenship. However, Nuristan remains isolated and poverty-stricken, and due to the lack of regional institutions, there is a widespread lawlessness. As a geographically remote region, it has been difficult to establish a central government presence, and after it was virtually abandoned by NATO in 2009, many areas of Nuristan have come under the control of the Taliban. A Nuristani provincial governor commented that Nuristan province has been largely neglected by NATO and the central government as a symptom of long-term neglect and discrimination of the Nuristanis as an ethnic minority, who have not been able to represent themselves adequately in Kabul. In 2017, fighting between Taliban and ISIS erupted in the province, following a concerted effort by ISIS to recruit followers there.

Neglect from the central government as well as continuing violence and insecurity has produced extremely poor health, maternal health and education indicators. In March 2017, measles outbreaks reportedly killed 70 children in Nuristan province and schools were closed due to fear of an imminent Taliban siege in May. Community members reported a serious lack of qualified teachers and education facilities.

Kuchi

Kuchi means ‘nomad’ in the Dari (Persian) language. Kuchis are Pashtuns from southern and eastern Afghanistan. They are a social rather than ethnic grouping, although they also have some of the characteristics of a distinct ethnic group. Though traditionally nomadic, many have been settled in northwestern Afghanistan, in an area that was traditionally occupied by Uzbeks and Tajiks, after strong encouragement by the Taliban government. Nowadays only a few thousands still follow their traditional livelihood of nomadic herding. Others have become farmers, settled in cities or emigrated. The largest population of Kuchis is probably in Registan, the desert in southern Afghanistan.

Tribes are formed among the Kuchis along patrilineal lines. A clan is composed of a core family, their offspring and their families. The leader of the tribe, the Khan, is responsible for the general well-being of the community, for governing the group and for representing it to visitors. Tribes live communally, and on becoming too large separate in order to facilitate more efficient management. Typically, there are three types of Kuchis: pure nomads, semi-sedentary and nomadic traders. The majority are semi-sedentary, living in the same winter area year after year. The purely nomadic Kuchis have no fixed abode and are dependent on animals for their livelihood; their movements are determined by the weather and the availability of good pasturage. Traders constitute the smallest percentage of Kuchis; their main activity being the transport of goods. The semi-pastoral Kuchis are gradually tending towards a more sedentary way of life. The majority do so because they can no longer support themselves from their livestock.

The Kuchis constitute an important part of Afghanistan’s cultural heritage. For centuries, they have migrated across the country in a search of seasonal pastures and milder weather. They were the main traders in Afghanistan, connecting South Asia with the Middle East. The livestock owned by the Kuchis made an important contribution in the national economy. They owned about 30 per cent of all the sheep and goats and most of the camels. Traditionally they exchanged tea, sugar, matches etc. for wheat and vegetables with settled communities. They also acted as moneylenders and offered services in transportation along with additional labour at harvest time. Kuchis have been greatly affected by conflict, drought and demographic shifts. Therefore, it is only a small number of Kuchis who still follow their traditional livelihood of nomadic herding. Despite their history and their traditional resources, the chronic state of instability in Afghanistan has left them among the poorest groups in the country.

Historical context

With the development of the road system in Afghanistan in the 1950s and 1960s and the formation of road transportation companies with fleets of trucks, the traditional Kuchi camel caravan gradually became obsolete, greatly impacting the income and lifestyle of the community. The situation for the Kuchis became even more tenuous during the prolonged periods of armed conflict and during the droughts of 1971-1972 and 1998-2002. These droughts are estimated to have caused the deaths of 75 per cent of Kuchi livestock. Furthermore, the combination of the intensive bombing campaigns by the US-led coalition as well as the spread of landmines during the 23 years of conflict decimated Kuchi herds, taking away their major source of income. Fighting and control by different warlords also often blocked their migratory routes.

Hazard

The size of the Hazara population, as with other communities in Afghanistan, is highly uncertain as the country’s authorities have never conducted a national census of the population. However, it is broadly recognized that none of the country’s ethnic groups form a majority, and the exact percentages of each group as part of the national population are estimates and often highly politicized.

The size of the Hazara community has also declined significantly as a result of forced migration, land grabbing and persecution. They were once the largest Afghan ethnic group, constituting nearly two-thirds of the total population of the country before the 19th century. Some estimates suggest that more than half of the Hazaras were massacred, forced to flee or taken into slavery during the 1891-93 Hazara War when the Afghan King Amir Abdur Rahman Khan (1880-1901) led a genocidal campaign of violence against Hazaras. Many of the Hazaras who fled the persecution by Amir Abdur Rahman Khan settled in the Indian subcontinent or Iran, laying the foundation of the Hazara communities that now live in the Pakistani city of Quetta and various districts in Iran’s eastern provinces. These communities have increased in size as more Hazaras who fled from Afghanistan over the past four decades have settled within them, especially in Quetta.

The origins of the Hazara community are much debated. Although a common myth suggests that Hazaras originated from a contingent of the army of Genghis Khan in the 13th century, there is no historical evidence to support these claims. Other more plausible theories suggest that Hazaras are more likely to have descended from communities that inhabited the region well before the advent of Genghis Khan.

Hazaras speak a dialect of Dari (Farsi dialect) called Hazaragi and the majority of them follow the Shi’a (Twelver Imami) school of Islam. As a result, Shi’a Hazaras constitute a religious minority in a country where the majority practice Sunni Islam. Significant numbers of Hazaras are also followers of the Ismaili Shi’a school of Islam or are Sunni Muslims. Within Afghanistan, Hazaras are known for their distinctive music and literary traditions with a rich oral history, poetry and music. Hazaragi poetry and music are mainly folkloric, having been passed down orally through the generations.

In Afghanistan, the majority of Shi’a Hazaras live in Hazarajat (or ‘land of the Hazara’), which is situated in the rugged central mountainous core of Afghanistan with an area of approximately 50,000 square kilometres. The region includes the provinces of Bamyan and Daikundi and several adjacent districts in the provinces of Ghazni, Uruzgan, Wardak, Parwan, Baghlan, Samangan and Sar-e Pul. There are significant Sunni Hazara communities in the provinces of Badghis, Ghur, Kunduz, Baghlan, Panjshir and other areas in the northeast of Afghanistan. Ismaili Hazaras live in the provinces of Parwan, Baghlan and Bamyan. In addition, Shi’a as well as Sunni Hazaras are based in substantial numbers in several urban centres of Afghanistan, including Kabul, Mazar-e Sharif and Herat.

Traditionally, the majority of the Hazara community were involved in subsistence farming or working as peasants and artisans. In Afghanistan’s cities, Hazaras traditionally engaged in unskilled labour as they faced discrimination in education and public sector employment. This has contributed to their further stigmatization, reflected in the low rate of intermarriage between Hazaras and members of other groups. Systematic discrimination, as well as recurrent periods of targeted violence and enforced displacement, have led the Hazara community to lose much of their population and standing in the social hierarchy of modern Afghanistan.

U.S. Pacific Air Forces
·
March 28, 1942 - Doolittle Raid Planning. Without knowing the details or objectives of the top secret mission, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek granted final consent for American bombers to land at Chinese airfields. A few days later, President Chiang was told that at least twenty-five B-25's would be employed and that he should have fuel and flares ready at the Chinese bases.
This was the final piece to be put in place for the Doolittle Raid.

https://youtu.be/2IJLvgF8vEI?si=XrL8Vg_6xkE3bq1_

You’re in the Desert, but you are not only. Look to your left and right. Your brothers and sisters are there. Align with the grace, power and wisdom of the most powerful. Yesterday Victory DOES NOT bring confidence, but it does bring strength to those committed to the mission.

There is no dark that can hide from Him. Let him in, move out and live in the gratitude of the gift of life.

Today is a great day. The finish line is found when you least expect it. The trick is being ready for the next race.

NSDQ! & LLTB!

Two African American GIs pose with personalized infantry shells during Easter. 1940s.

Free ebook promotion.
The ebook version of the book I wrote will be free through Easter Sunday. All I ask is that after you read it you leave an honest review to help get my review numbers up.
It’s a Christian themed book telling my personal story of faith in my adult life.

https://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/d/B0CR8PM7MP/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?ie=UTF8&qid=&sr=

"And the King shall answer and say unto them, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me."
- Matthew 25:40
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oru-v62kXas

via: The Historian's Den
·
"Mad honey," a hallucinogenic variety originating in Eastern Turkey's Black Sea region, has a long and perilous history. Bees produce it from rhododendron flowers containing grayanotoxin, a potent neurotoxin. While consuming this honey can induce euphoria and hallucinations, excessive intake can lead to severe illness, even death. Ancient accounts, such as Xenophon's in 401 B.C.E., recount the Greek army's suffering after consuming stolen honey, and Pompey the Great's troops' ambush in 67 B.C.E. by Persians who left honey deliberately. Today, mad honey remains a risky indulgence, mainly found in rural Turkey, though occasionally surfacing in the U.S. during specific blooming periods in the Appalachian Mountains.
#historyfacts #thehistoriansden

The Enduring Solitude Of Combat Vets:

Retired Army Special Forces Sgt. Maj. Alan Farrell is one of the more interesting people in this country nowadays, a decorated veteran of the Vietnam War who teaches French at VMI, reviews films and writes poetry. Just your typical sergeant major/brigadier general with a Ph.D. in French and a fistful of other degrees.

This is a speech that he gave to Vets at the Harvard Business School last Veterans' Day. I know it is long but well worth the read:
--------
"Ladies and Gentlemens:

Kurt Vonnegut -- Corporal Vonnegut -- famously told an assembly like this one that his wife had begged him to "bring light into their tunnels" that night. "Can't do that," said Vonnegut, since, according to him, the audience would at once sense his duplicity, his mendacity, his insincerity... and have yet another reason for despair. I'll not likely have much light to bring into any tunnels this night, either.

The remarks I'm about to make to you I've made before... in essence at least. I dare to make them again because other Veterans seem to approve. I speak mostly to Veterans. I don't have much to say to them, the others, civilians, real people. These remarks, I offer you for the reaction I got from one of them, though, a prison shrink. I speak in prisons a lot. Because some of our buddies wind up in there. Because their service was a Golden Moment in a life gone sour. Because... because no one else will.

In the event, I've just got done saying what I'm about to say to you, when the prison psychologist sidles up to me to announce quietly: "You've got it." The "it," of course, is Post Stress Traumatic Traumatic Post Stress Disorder Stress... Post. Can never seem to get the malady nor the abbreviation straight. He's worried about me... that I'm wandering around loose... that I'm talking to his cons. So worried, but so sincere, that I let him make me an appointment at the V.A. for "diagnosis." Sincerity is a rare pearl.

So I sulk in the stuffy anteroom of the V.A. shrink's office for the requisite two hours (maybe you have), finally get admitted. He's a nice guy. Asks me about my war, scans my 201 File, and, after what I take to be clinical scrutiny, announces without preamble: "You've got it." He can snag me, he says, 30 percent disability. Reimbursement, he says, from Uncle Sam, now till the end of my days. Oh, and by the way, he says, there's a cure. I'm not so sure that I want a cure for 30 percent every month. This inspires him to explain. He takes out a piece of paper and a Magic Marker™. Now: Anybody who takes out a frickin' Magic Marker™ to explain something to you thinks you're a bonehead and by that very gesture says so to God and everybody.

Anyhow. He draws two big circles on a sheet of paper, then twelve small circles. Apples and grapes, you might say. In fact, he does say. The "grapes," he asserts, stand for the range of emotional response open to a healthy civilian, a normal person: titillation, for instance, then amusement, then pleasure, then joy, then delight and so on across the spectrum through mild distress on through angst -- whatever that is -- to black depression. The apples? That's what you got, traumatized veteran: Ecstasy and Despair. But we can fix that for you. We can make you normal.

So here's my question: Why on earth would anybody want to be normal?

And here's what triggered that curious episode:

The words of the prophet Jeremiah:

My bowels. My bowels. I am pained at my very heart; my heart maketh a noise in me... [T]hou hast heard, O my soul, the sound of the trumpet, the alarm of war. Destruction upon destruction is cried; for the whole land is spoilt and my curtains... How long shall I see the standard and hear the sound of the trumpet?

I dunno about Jeremiah's bowels... or his curtains, but I've seen the standard and heard the sound of the trumpet. Again. Civilians mooing about that "Thin Red Line of 'eroes" between them and the Darkness. Again. ‘Course it's not red any more. Used to be olive drab. Then treetop camouflage. Then woodland. Then chocolate chip. Now pixelated, random computer-generated. Multi-cam next, is it? Progress. The kids are in the soup. Again. Me? I can't see the front sights of me piece any more. And if I can still lug my rucksack five miles, I need these days to be defibrillated when I get there. Nope. I got something like six Honorable Discharges from Pharaoh's Army. Your Mom's gonna be wearing Kevlar before I do. Nope. This one's on the kids, I'm afraid, the next generation.

I can't help them. Not those who make the sacrifice in the desert nor those in the cesspool cities of a land that if two troopers from the One Oh One or two Lance Corporals could find on a map a few years ago, I'll be surprised. Nobody can help... except by trying to build a society Back Here that deserves such a sacrifice.

We gonna win the war? I dunno. They tell me I lost mine. I know I didn't start it. Soldiers don't start wars. Civilians do. And civilians say when they're over. I'm just satisfied right now that these kids, for better or worse, did their duty as God gave them the light to see it. But I want them back. And I worry not about the fight, but about the after: after the war, after the victory, after... God forbid... the defeat, if it come to that. It's after that things get tricky. After that a Soldier needs the real grit and wit. And after that a Soldier needs to believe. Anybody can believe before. During? A Soldier has company in the fight, in Kandahar or Kabul, Basra or Baghdad. It's enough to believe in the others during. But after... and I can tell you this having come home from a war: After ...a Soldier is alone. A batch of them, maybe... but still alone.

Years ago, maybe... when I was still in the Army, my A Team got the mission to support an Air Force escape and evasion exercise. Throw a bunch of downed pilots into the wilderness, let local guerrillas (us) feed them into a clandestine escape net and spirit them out by train just like in The Great Escape to... Baltimore, of all places. So we set up an elaborate underground network: farmhouses, caves, barns, pickup trucks, loads of hay where a guy can hide, fifty-five gallon drums to smuggle the evadees through checkpoints in. We've even cozened the Norfolk and Western Railroad out of a boxcar.

Sooooo... come midnight, with our escapees safely stowed in that car, we wait for a special train to make a detour, back onto the siding, hook it up, and freight the pilots off to Maree-land. Pretty realistic, seems to us.

Now, for safety's sake the Railroad requires a Line Administrator on site to supervise any special stop. Sure enough, just before midnight two suit-and-ties show up toting a red lantern. Civilians. We sniff at them disdainfully. One of them wigwags to the train. With a clank she couples the boxcar and chugs out into the night. The other guy -- frumpy Babbit from the front office -- shuffles off down the track and out onto a trestle bridge over the gorge. He stands there with his hands behind his back, peering up at the cloud-strewn summertime sky, a thousand bucks worth of Burberry overcoat riffling in the night breeze. I edge over respectfully behind him. Wait. He notices me after a while, looks back. "You know," he says, "Was on a night like this 40 years ago that I jumped into Normandy."

Who'da thought?

Who'da thought? Then I thought... back to right after my return from Vietnam. I'm working nights at a convenience store just down the road from this very spot. Lousy job. Whores, bums, burnouts, lowlifes. That's your clientele after midnight in a convenience store. One particular guy I remember drifts in every morning about 0400. Night work. Janitor, maybe. Not much to distinguish him from the rest of the early morning crowd of shadows shuffling around the place. Fingers and teeth yellowed from cigarette smoke. A weathered, leathered face that just dissolves into the colorless crowd of nobodies.

Never says a word. Buys his margarine and macaroni and Miller's. Plunks down his cash. Hooks a grubby hand around his bag and threads his way out of the place and down the street. Lost in another world. Like the rest of the derelicts. One night, he's fumbling for his keys, drops them on the floor, sets his wallet on the counter -- brown leather, I still remember -- and the wallet flops open. Pinned to the inside of it, worn shiny and smooth, with its gold star gleaming out of the center: combat jump badge from that great World War II... Normandy maybe, just like the suit-and-tie.

Who'da thought?

Two guys scarred Out There. Not sure just where or how even. You can lose your life without dying. But the guy who made it to the top and the guy shambling along the bottom are what James Joyce calls in another context "secret messengers." Citizens among the rest, who look like the rest, talk like the rest, act like the rest... but who know prodigious secrets, wherever they wash up and whatever use they make of them. Who know somber despair but inexplicable laughter, the ache of duty but distrust of inaction. Who know risk and exaltation... and that awful drop though empty air we call failure... and solitude! They know solitude.

Because solitude is what waits for the one who shall have borne the battle. Out There in it together... back here alone.

Alone to make way in a scrappy, greedy, civilian world "filching lucre and gulping warm beer," as Conrad had it. Alone to learn the skills a self-absorbed, hustling, modern society values. Alone to unlearn the deadly skills of the former -- and bloody -- business. Alone to find a companion -- maybe -- and alone -- maybe -- even with that companion over a lifetime... for who can make someone else who hasn't seen it understand horror, blackness, filth Incommunicado. Voiceless. Alone.

My Railroad president wandered off by himself to face his memories; my Store 24 regular was clearly a man alone with his.

For my two guys, it was the after the battle that they endured, and far longer than the moment of terror in the battle. Did my Railroad exec learn in the dark of war to elbow other men aside, to view all other men as the enemy, to "fight" his way up the corporate ladder just as he fought his way out of the bocages of Normandy? Did he find he could never get close to a wife or children again and turn his energy, perhaps his anger toward some other and solitary goal Did the Store/24 guy never get out of his parachute harness and shiver in an endless night patrolled by demons he couldn't get shut of? Did he haul out that tattered wallet and shove his jump badge under the nose of those he'd done wrong to, disappointed, embarrassed? Did he find fewer and fewer citizens Back Here who even knew what it was? Did he keep it because he knew what it was? From what I've seen -- from a distance, of course -- of success, I'd say it's not necessarily sweeter than failure -- which I have seen close up.

Well, that's what I said that woke up the prison shrink.
And I say again to you that silence is the reward we reserve for you and your buddies, for my Cadets. Silence is the sound of Honor, which speaks no word and lays no tread. And Nothing is the glory of the one who's done Right. And Alone is the society of those who do it the Hard Way, alone even when they have comrades like themselves in the fight. I've gotta hope as a teacher that my Cadets, as a citizen that you and your buddies will have the inner resources, the stuff of inner life, the values in short, to abide the brute loneliness of after, to find the courage to continue the march, to do Right, to live with what they've done, you've done in our name, to endure that dark hour of frustration, humiliation, failure maybe... or victory, for one or the other is surely waiting Back Here. Unless you opt for those grapes...

My two guys started at the same place and wound up at the far ends of the spectrum. As we measure their distance from that starting point, they seem to return to it: the one guy in the darkness drawn back to a Golden Moment in his life from a lofty vantage point; t'other guy lugging through God knows what gauntlet of shame and frustration that symbol of his Golden Moment. Today we celebrate your Golden Moment. While a whole generation went ganging after its own indulgence, vanity, appetite, you clung to a foolish commitment, to foolish old traditions; as Soldiers, Sailors, Pilots, Marines you honored pointless ritual, suffered the endless, sluggish monotony of duty, raised that flag not just once, or again, or -- as has become fashionable now -- in time of peril, but every single morning. You stuck it out. You may have had -- as we like to say -- the camaraderie of brothers or sisters to buck each other up or the dubious support (as we like to say... and say more than do, by the way) of the folks back home, us... but in the end you persevered alone. Just as alone you made that long walk from Out There with a duffle bag fulla pixelated, random computer-generated dirty laundry -- along with your bruised dreams, your ecstasy and your despair -- Back Here at tour's end.

And you will be alone, for all the good intentions and solicitude of them, the other, the civilians. Alone. But...together. Your generation, whom us dumbo civilians couldn't keep out of war, will bear the burden of a soldier's return... alone. And a fresh duty: to complete the lives of your buddies who didn't make it back, to confect for them a living monument to their memory.

Your comfort, such as it is, will come from the knowledge that others of that tiny fraction of the population that fought for us are alone but grappling with the same dilemmas -- often small and immediate, often undignified or humiliating, now and then immense and overwhelming -- by your persistence courting the risk, by your obstinacy clinging to that Hard Way. Some of you will be stronger than others, but even the strong ones will have their darker moments. Where we can join each other if not relieve each other, we secret messengers, is right here in places like this and on occasions like this -- one lousy day of the year, your day, my day, our day, -- in the company of each other and of the flag we served. Not much cheer in that kerugma. But there's the by-God glory.

"I know..." says the prophet Isaiah:

... I know that thou art obstinate, and thy neck is an iron sinew, and thy brow brass...I have shewed thee new things, even hidden things. Behold, I have refined thee, but not with silver; I have [refined] thee...in the furnace of affliction...

Well, all right, then. Why on earth would anybody want to be normal? Thanks for Listening and Lord love the lot of youse."

Triple Canopy - Airborne, Ranger and Special Forces
·
First day, Desert Storm, 1991, February 25:

Seventy miles to the east, eight Special Forces soldiers from ODA 525 landed near the small village of Swayjghazi. CWO “Bulldog” Balwanz had his team dig two hide sites, 300 yards west Highway 7. This team had the same problem as Sims’ Team. They did not think that villagers would be wandering around their position, located near a drainage ditch. However as soon as the sun came up shepherds led their goats near the Special Forces team, while women and children gathered firewood. Just like Sims’ Team, children discovered the hide site. Balwanz knew that they could not shoot children, so after they were discovered the Team moved 400 yards away and into a muddy ditch. The children returned with a young man, who spotted the Americans. “As-Salaam Aleykum” Balwanz called to him, but the young man turned and hurried back to the village.

Thirty villagers returned, armed with rifles. As they fanned out across the field four trucks arrived, along with a bus and a Land Rover. The vehicles unloaded 150 Iraqi soldiers. Balwanz called XVIII Corps headquarters and told them that he needed immediate extraction and air support. Balwanz ordered his men to pile all their rucksacks and equipment outside the ditch, and then primed it with a block of C-4 plastic explosive. The Americans only kept their weapons, ammo, and a single satellite radio. The C-4 exploded just as a group of Iraqis reached the pile.

Bullets tore through the dirt around them, as the Americans returned fire with M16s and M203 grenade launchers. The Iraqis resorted to human wave attacks, but they never quite understood the accuracy of American soldiers.

In just the first ten minutes of the fight Balwanz and his men killed about forty Iraqi soldiers. The fighting continued, with no end in sight. Though the field was littered with Iraqi bodies, the men did not see any rescue in their future. Balwanz saw his men wave farewell to each other across the sides of the ditch.

Just as the Iraqis were close enough to rush the Team, several F-16s arrived and dropped cluster bombs on the highway. Balwanz used his survival radio to direct bombs to within 200 yards of his position. A group of Iraqis charged down the ditch, trying to stay clear of the F-16s, but Balwanz and one of his sergeants stopped their attack.

Balwanz moved his men 300 yards away in all the chaos, without the Iraqis being aware of it. After an hour and a half two rescue helicopters were able to land right on top of the team, and rescue Balwanz and his men.

With 150 Iraqis dead in the field, it probably seemed to the Iraqis that they had been rescued from the demons that had been unleashed upon their small village.

HOOAH!